浮顶油罐火灾防控方案优选及应用(硕士)

浮顶油罐火灾防控方案优选及应用(硕士)(论文27000字)
摘  要
储油罐区发生火灾造成的后果是难以想象估测的。储油罐区作隶属于特别危险的区域，一旦有操作失误或者雷电天气特别容易发生火灾。罐区内容易燃烧并发生爆炸，而且里边所包含的气体或也液体也具有很轻的腐蚀性，在很大的程度上阻碍我们对油罐区发生火灾时的探测评估等探知。生命安全在任何时候都是第一位的，我们必须建立一个好的报警系统，一旦火灾发生就能够立刻报警，给人们提供足够的时间进行自救或者抢救火险。火灾发生时，会产生很多的烟雾，周边的温度也会有很大的升高，还会发出强烈的火焰，通过这些熟知的情况，人们努力钻研，研究出了多种探测火灾的仪器。当火灾刚刚发生时，首先改变的一个条件一定是周边温度迅速升高，基于此，采用对温度比较敏感的探测器的手段是最好的。现如今正在被广泛使用的很多火灾探测器存在很多不足之处，当遇到电磁干扰时，探测器会无法正常工作；在极寒基潮湿等恶劣环境下，探测器失灵也是常见的。
全国乃至世界上的大数量的化工或石油等行业，在选择火灾报警方式中都会选择光纤、光栅传感技术。此技术是新兴并得到大家认可的一门技术，独特的探测方法让传统传感器无法媲美。可进行现场全光式测量，已经在罐区普遍使用。
本文就以电为基础的传感技术、以光纤光栅为介质的传感技术以及全分布式光纤传感技术为研究对象，进行浅谈。并论述了一下它们各自的长处与短板。以上三种传感技术各具特色，都有别的技术无法比美的优势，在多个方面有所体现，例如可以在电磁干扰的条件下正常探测工作，也可以适应恶劣的环境，防爆的性能特别强，性价比高等。研究总要付诸实际，结合现如今学国内外石油工业对从火灾报警的要求，主要叙述了现在所研究的光纤光栅传感技术以及其在实际中的应用。由于其合理性、科学性和实用性的特点，可将其应用结果有针对性地进行实施，提出安全隐患的整改建议和防控措施。同时还可以结合辽河油田矿区浮顶油罐的具体特点，为各大油田公司安全评价体系合理化调整提供有力的技术支持。

关键词：浮顶油罐   火灾防控   光纤光栅应用   浮顶油罐密封
 
Abstract
It is well known that in the event of fire consequence is unimaginable. Oil tank area, however, is a very easy place for a fire, as a result of the tank farm is strong corrosion, explosive inflammable and other bad conditions brought many challenges to fire prediction and detection, in order to reduce the casualties and avoid economic loss, is very necessary to establish a set of perfect fire automatic alarm system. According to the site of many obvious when the fire broke out different phenomena, such as temperature, there is a lot of smoke and a strong flame, etc.People, after a series of research, explore a variety of fire detection, such as heat, smoke and photographic detection system. On fire in time, the thermal type is the most effective way, and based on the traditional electric sensors of fire alarm system has many defects, including poor ability to resist bad environment, resistance to electromagnetic interference ability is not strong, etc., so can't very well more convenient application in the monitoring of inflammable and explosive environment. In many petrochemical industry used in fire alarm way, fiber Bragg grating sensing technology is the best choice. This newly developed hot technology, with many traditional sensor incomparable advantages, better realize the scene all - optical measurement, turns the terminal used by the fire.
This thesis analyzed the fiber Bragg grating sensing technology, electric sensing technology, the distributed optical fiber sensing technology in numerous applications in the field of temperature measurement, summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of them. In three kinds of optical fiber sensing technology has a unique advantage in sensor technology, mainly reflected in the high cost performance, strong resistance to electromagnetic interference, explosion-proof performance, etc.Thus this paper combined with the oil industry demand for fire alarm, expounds the research status and application of fiber Bragg grating sensing technology. For automatic fire alarm system based on fiber Bragg grating are analyzed in detail and real-time monitoring of temperature distribution in the tank, in the field of network real-time monitoring has important practical significance and potential application value. Due to the characteristics of its rationality, scientific and practical, it can be applied results to implement targeted, the safety recommendations and prevention and control measures are put forward. At the same time can also be combined with the feature of loathe oilfield floating roof tank, the safety evaluation system for each big oilfield company rationalization adjust to provide strong technical support. It is well known that in the event of fire consequence is unimaginable. Oil tank area, however, is a very easy place for a fire, as a result of the tank farm is strong corrosion, explosive inflammable and other bad conditions brought many challenges to fire prediction and detection, in order to reduce the casualties and avoid economic loss, is very necessary to establish a set of perfect fire automatic alarm system. According to the site of many obvious when the fire broke out different phenomena, such as temperature, there is a lot of smoke and a strong flame, etc.People, after a series of research, explore a variety of fire detection, such as heat, smoke and photographic detection system. On fire in time, the thermal type is the most effective way, and based on the traditional electric sensors of fire alarm system has many defects, including poor ability to resist bad environment, resistance to electromagnetic interference ability is not strong, etc., so can't very well more convenient application in the monitoring of inflammable and explosive environment. In many petrochemical industry used in fire alarm way, fiber Bragg grating sensing technology is the best choice. This newly developed hot technology, with many traditional sensor incomparable advantages, better realize the scene all - optical measurement, turns the terminal used by the fire. This thesis analyzed the fiber Bragg grating sensing technology, electric sensing technology, the distributed optical fiber sensing technology in numerous applications in the field of temperature measurement, summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of them. In three kinds of optical fiber sensing technology has a unique advantage in sensor technology, mainly reflected in the high cost performance, strong resistance to electromagnetic interference, explosion-proof performance, etc.Thus this paper combined with the oil industry demand for fire alarm, expounds the research status and application of fiber Bragg grating sensing technology. For automatic fire alarm system based on fiber Bragg grating are analyzed in detail and real-time monitoring of temperature distribution in the tank, in the field of network real-time monitoring has important practical significance and potential application value. Due to the characteristics of its rationality, scientific and practical, it can be applied results to implement targeted, the safety recommendations and prevention and control measures are put forward. At the same time can also be combined with the feature of loathe oilfield floating roof tank, the safety evaluation system for each big oilfield company rationalization adjust to provide strong technical support.
 
Key words:  floating-roof oil tank；Fire prevention and control；Fiber Bragg grating；Floating roof oil tank seal

目  录
第一章  绪论    1
1.1课题研究背景及目的    1
1.2 研究的意义    1
第二章 国内外研究综述    3
2.1 国内研究现状    3
2.2 国外研究现状    4
第三章 浮顶油罐危险有害因素分析    5
3.1浮顶油罐特点分析    5
3.2浮顶油罐典型事故案例分析    6
3.3油库火灾原因统计与浮顶油罐火灾危险性分析    8
3.4辽河油田浮顶油罐火灾危险性分析
    3.4.1辽河油田浮顶油罐概况
      3.4.1.1驼子里输油泵站
      3.4.1.2曙光输油泵站
      3.4.1.3渤海输油分公司
    3.4.2辽河油田浮顶油罐存在问题
第四章 火灾探测设备的优选    10
4.1储油罐火灾探测技术可行性分析    10
4.1.1以电类为介质的传感技术    10
4.1.2分布式光纤传感技术    11
4.2感温光纤及感温电缆的应用比较    13
4.2.1 感温光纤及感温电缆原理、性能及应用    13
4.2.2价格比较    15
4.2.3光纤传感技术    16
4.3油罐浮顶密封结构优缺点分析    17
4.3.1机械式密封结构优缺点分析    17
4.3.2软式密封结构优缺点分析    18
4.4火灾探测器的选择    19
4.5火灾监测仪表的选择    20
4.6浮顶油罐火灾设备优选方案    20
4.6.1浮顶油罐火灾报警系统方案优选    20
4.6.2浮顶油罐密封结构方案优选    21
4.7本章小结    21
第五章 辽河油田驼子里输油站浮顶油罐火灾防控方案研究    22
5.1驼子里输油站库简介    22
5.2火灾监测设备改进    24
5.2.1对感温电缆高度的改进    24
5.2.2对机械密封方式的改进    24
5.2.3增设现场声光报警器    24
5.2.4增设紧急切断电动阀    25
5.3光栅光线的实际应用    25
5.3.1现场分析    25
5.3.2系统的组成    26
5.3.3方案实施    26
5.4实际应用效果分析    28
第六章 总结与展望    29
参考文献    30