机床基础

机床基础(中文5000字,英文3100字)
许多情况下，初步成型加工出来的工件必须在尺寸和表面光洁度进一步精整，以满足设计的技术要求。为了满足公差的精度要求，需要从工件上去掉少量材料。通常机床就是用于这种加工的设备。
在美国，材料切削是一个很大的产业，其费用每年超过36×109美元，包括材料、劳动力、管理费、机床装运费等费用。通过销售、设计、在车间中操作机器以及在相关企业中工作，60%的机械和工业工程技术的大学毕业生都跟机械加工工业有某些关系。因此，工科学学生在他的学习课程中花时间投身材料切削和机床的学习研究是很明智的。
机床为切削刀具提供把工件工件加工成所需尺寸的方法，通过其基本部件的功能，控制刀具和工件的支承关系。这些基本部件是：

Fundamentals of Machine Tools
  In many cases products from the primanry forming processes must undergo further refinements in size and surface finish to meet their design specifications. To meet such precise tolerances the removal of small amounts of material is needed. Usually machine tools are used for such operation.
  In the United States material removal is a big business-in excess of $36×10 per year, including material, labor, overhead, and machine-tool shipments. Since 60 percent of themechanical and industrial engineering and technology graduates have something connected with the machining industry either through sale, design, or operation of machine shops,or working in related industry, it is wise for an engineering studet to devote some time in his curriculum to studying material removal and machine tools.
  A machine tool provides the means for cutting tools to shape a workpiece to required dimensions; the machine supports the tool and the workpiece in a controlled relationship through the functioning of its basic member,which are as follows: