小型柴油机高速化和大功率化的发展
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小型柴油机高速化和大功率化的发展(中文9500字,英文6000字)
笔者所在公司长期关注小型高速柴油机发展,特别是其燃烧系统的发展。仅管这类机型在北美大陆并不普及,但在欧洲和日本的产量以及使用量却相当大,约有数百万台。典型的机型是自然吸气四缸柴油机,每缸排量为25-35 in3 (400-600cm3),工作转速为4000-5000 rpm,活塞限速在2400ft/min(12m/s)。
在warren的美国军方坦克研发中心(USATAC),Mich提议开发一种符合军方要求的大功率轻型动力装置,并且要求能达到前所未有的转速以实现性能的提升,而不是仅仅增加涡轮增压器。在这个情况下,进气系统和燃烧系统的研究就被搬上了前台。这项计划制定了工作的执行方案,包括设计,制造和在特定单缸机上的初步实验。
项目
这个项目的技术要求最后由USATAC制定,其在大概的内容如下所述:
1. 设计,采办,制造和测试一台缸径为3.5英寸(88.9mm)的单缸机。要求以最高转速工作,至少5000 rpm。以分离的空气供给系统的对涡轮增压状况进行模拟。
2. 改进这台单缸试验机,以实现其预定的性能指标,使得相对应的军用四缸机能够产生 1 bhp/in3 (45.5kW/cm3)的功率以实现单位质量功率3.5 lb/bhp (2.13kg/kW)。
3. 设计将不受传统观念影响,以最小化机械负荷和热负荷为目标。
4. 最初的燃料要求以CITE-R fuel (MIL-F-46005A (MR))为标准。一开始,专门针对航空汽油进行研究,但后来这项要求有所放宽。
5. 如果可能的话使用MIL-L-2104B规格的润滑油。
6. 项目的最后阶段包括一台军用四缸机的设计,其中包含了对单缸机的测试。
7. 对于多缸机的启动,怠速和小负荷工况的工作性能必须不能被忽视。
Toward Higher Speeds and Outputs From the Small Diesel Engine
THE AUTHOR’S company has long been concerned with the development of the small, high-speed diesel engine, and is particularly associated with combustion systems for this type of engine. Although such engines are not common in the North American continent, production and use in Europe and Japan is considerable, totaling several million units. These are, typically, naturally aspirated 4-cyl engines of 25-35 in3 (400-600cm3) displacement per cylinder, operating up to speeds of 4000-5000 rpm, with a limiting piston speed of about 2400ft/min(12m/s).
In discussion with the U.S.Army Tank-Automotive Command (USATAC) at , Mich.it was proposed that the military requirement of high power from a small lightweight package could be achieved by exploiting higher speeds than hitherto, rather than the application of increased levels of turbocharger alone, and this led to the formulation of a research program to study combustion and breathing problems under such conditions. This paper describes the work carried out to date, which has involved the design, manufacture, and preliminary test work on special single cylinder engine.