计算机科学与技术 Computer Science and Technology

计算机科学与技术
计算机分类
计算机可被划分为3个基本类型：大型机，小型机与微型机。这种分类通常是基于计算机的3个特性：速度，主存储器容量和字长。速度是由每秒可被执行多少百万条指令叫做MIPS.主存储器容量是计算机的存储器能保持的字符数。字长是一个可寻址的主存储器存储单位的位数。可被寻址的主存储器的大小部分是由计算机的字长决定的。
微型计算机
一台典型的小型机有16到64位字长。它的主存储器容量范围从8MB—16MB.很显然，小型机系统变化很广泛。一些小型机特性等于大型机的那些特性。一些小型机系统通常包括：显示屏，打印机和磁盘存储器。微型机的发展在1971年从基于微电子学的第一台计算机处理器引用开始的。从那时起，微型机已经有了许多改进，微型机已经对计算机工业发生了巨大的影响。除了大小，它的主要优点是成本低。大多数微处理机有8位或16位或32位字长。典型的微型 机主存储器容量的范围从1M到8M字符。
主机可以是巨型机，大型机和小型机。主机的这个术语指的较大的计算机销售商提供的计算机系统，例如IBM.功能最强大的主机被叫做巨型机。它们每秒可以执行数亿条指令，有多达128位字长和可以有超过2亿字符的主存储器容量。巨型机主要用于要求大量运算的科学应用。
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Computer Science and Technology
 
Classification of computer
Computer can be placed in to three general classes: mainframes, minicomputers and microcomputers. These classifications are usually based on three characteristics of computers: speed, main-storage, capacity and word size. Speed is expressed by how many millions of instructions. Can be executed per second, called MIPS. Main-storage capacity is the number of characters a computer’s memory can hold, word size is the number of bits in an Main storage location, the amount of main-storage that can be addressed is partly determined by a computer’s word size.
Mini computer
A typical minicomputer has a 16-to 64-bit word size. Its main storage capacity ranges from 8 bytes to 16 megabytes. Clearly the character is tics of minicomputer systems vary widely. Character of some computer equal thus of mainframes. A minicomputer system usually in clouds a display screen. Printer and magnetic .The development of the microcomputer begin in 1971 with the introduction of the first computer processor based on electronics. Since that time there have been a number of improvements in the computer, and the microcomputer has had a tremendous impact on the computer industry. Beside size, it is primary advantage is low cost. Most microprocessors have either a 16-bit or 32- bit word size. Typical microcomputer main storage capacities rage from 1M to 8M characters.